Backported PRs:
- [x] #50411 <!-- Fix weird dispatch of * with zero arguments -->
- [x] #50202 <!-- Remove dynamic dispatch from _wait/wait2 -->
- [x] #50064 <!-- Fix numbered prompt with input only with comment -->
- [x] #50026 <!-- Store heapsnapshot files in tempdir() instead of
current directory -->
- [x] #50402 <!-- Add CPU feature helper function -->
- [x] #50387 <!-- update newpages pointer after actually sweeping pages
-->
- [x] #50424 <!-- avoid potential type-instability in _replace_(str,
...) -->
- [x] #50444 <!-- Optimize getfield lowering to avoid boxing in some
cases -->
- [x] #50474 <!-- docs: Fix a `!!! note` which was miscapitalized -->
- [x] #50466 <!-- relax assertion involving pg->nold to reflect that it
may be a bit in… -->
- [x] #50490 <!-- Fix compat annotation for italic printstyled -->
- [x] #50488 <!-- fix typo in `Base.isassigned` with `Tridiagonal` -->
- [x] #50476 <!-- Profile: Add specifying dir for `take_heap_snapshot`
and handling if current dir is unwritable -->
- [x] #50461 <!-- fix typo in the --gcthreads argument description -->
- [x] #50528 <!-- ssair: Correctly handle stmt insertion at end of basic
block -->
- [x] #50533 <!-- ensure internal_obj_base_ptr checks whether objects
past freelist pointer are in freelist -->
- [x] #49322 <!-- improve cat design / performance -->
- [x] #50540 <!-- gc: remove over-eager assertion -->
- [x] #50542 <!-- gf: remove unnecessary assert cycle==depth -->
- [x] #50559 <!-- Expand kwcall lowering positional default check to
vararg -->
- [x] #50058 <!-- Add unwrapping mechanism for triangular mul and solves
-->
- [x] #50551 <!-- typeintersect: also record chained `innervars` -->
- [x] #50552 <!-- read(io, Char): fix read with too many leading ones
-->
- [x] #50541 <!-- precompile: ensure globals are not accidentally
created where disallowed -->
- [x] #50576 <!-- use atomic compare exchange when setting the GC
mark-bit -->
- [x] #50578 <!-- gf: make method overwrite/delete an error during
precompile -->
- [x] #50516 <!-- Fix visibility of assert on GCC12/13 -->
- [x] #50597 <!-- Fix memory corruption if task is launched inside
finalizer -->
- [x] #50591 <!-- build: fix various makefile bugs -->
- [x] #50599 <!-- faster invalid object lookup in conservative gc -->
- [x] #50634 <!-- 🤖 [master] Bump the SparseArrays stdlib from b4b0e72
to 99c99b4 -->
- [x] #50639 <!-- Backport LLVM patches to fix various issues. -->
- [x] #50546 <!-- Revert storage of method instance in LineInfoNode -->
- [x] #50631 <!-- Shift DCE pass to optimize imaging mode code better
-->
- [x] #50525 <!-- only check that values are finite in `generic_lufact`
when `check=true` -->
- [x] #50587 <!-- isassigned for ranges with BigInt indices -->
- [x] #50144 <!-- Page based heap size heuristics -->


Need manual backport:
- [ ] #50595 <!-- Rename ENV variable `JULIA_USE_NEW_PARSER` ->
`JULIA_USE_FLISP_PARSER` -->



Non-merged PRs with backport label:
- [ ] #50637 <!-- Remove SparseArrays legacy code -->
- [ ] #50618 <!-- inference: continue const-prop' when concrete-eval
returns non-inlineable -->
- [ ] #50598 <!-- only limit types in stack traces in the REPL -->
- [ ] #50594 <!-- Disallow non-index Integer types in isassigned -->
- [ ] #50568 <!-- `Array(::AbstractRange)` should return an `Array` -->
- [ ] #50523 <!-- Avoid generic call in most cases for getproperty -->
- [ ] #50172 <!-- print feature flags used for matching pkgimage -->

```
julia> @CCall jl_dump_host_cpu()::Cvoid
CPU: znver2
Features: sse3, pclmul, ssse3, fma, cx16, sse4.1, sse4.2, movbe, popcnt, aes, xsave, avx, f16c, rdrnd, fsgsbase, bmi, avx2, bmi2, rdseed, adx, clflushopt, clwb, sha, rdpid, sahf, lzcnt, sse4a, prfchw, mwaitx, xsaveopt, xsavec, xsaves, clzero, wbnoinvd

julia> target = only(Base.current_image_targets())
znver2; flags=0; features_en=(sse3, pclmul, ssse3, fma, cx16, sse4.1, sse4.2, movbe, popcnt, aes, xsave, avx, f16c, fsgsbase, bmi, avx2, bmi2, adx, clflushopt, clwb, sha, rdpid, sahf, lzcnt, sse4a, prfchw, mwaitx, xsavec, xsaves, clzero, wbnoinvd)
```

Co-authored-by: Prem Chintalapudi <prem.chintalapudi@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Jameson Nash <vtjnash@gmail.com>
(cherry picked from commit 958da95)

Backported PRs:
- [x] #50637 <!-- Remove SparseArrays legacy code -->
- [x] #50665 <!-- print `@time` msg into print buffer -->
- [x] #50523 <!-- Avoid generic call in most cases for getproperty -->
- [x] #50635 <!-- `versioninfo()`: include build info and unofficial
warning -->
- [x] #50670 <!-- Make reinterpret specialize fully. -->
- [x] #50666 <!-- include `--pkgimage=no` caches for stdlibs -->
- [x] #50765 
- [x] #50764
- [x] #50768
- [x] #50767
- [x] #50618 <!-- inference: continue const-prop' when concrete-eval
returns non-inlineable -->
- [x] #50689 <!-- Attach `tanpi` docstring to method -->
- [x] #50671 <!-- Fix rdiv of complex lhs by real factorizations -->
- [x] #50598 <!-- only limit types in stack traces in the REPL -->
- [x] #50766 <!-- Don't partition alwaysinline functions -->
- [x] #50771 <!-- re-allow non-string values in ENV `get!` -->
- [x] #50682 <!-- Add fallback if we have make a weird GC decision. -->
- [x] #50781 <!-- fix `bit_map!` with aliasing -->
- [x] #50172 <!-- print feature flags used for matching pkgimage -->
- [x] #50844 <!-- Bump OpenBLAS binaries to use the new GEMM
multithreading threshold -->
- [x] #50826 <!-- Update dependency builds -->
- [x] #50845 <!-- fix #50438, use default pool for at-threads -->
- [x] #50568 <!-- `Array(::AbstractRange)` should return an `Array` -->
- [x] #50655 <!-- fix hashing regression. -->
- [x] #50779 <!-- Minor refactor to image generation -->
- [x] #50791 <!-- Make symbols internal in jl_create_native, and only
externalize them when partitioning -->
- [x] #50724 <!-- Merge opaque closure modules with the rest of the
workqueue -->
- [x] #50738 <!-- Add alignment to constant globals -->
- [x] #50871 <!-- macOS: Don't inspect dead threadtls during exception
handling. -->

Need manual backport:

Contains multiple commits, manual intervention needed:

Non-merged PRs with backport label:
- [ ] #50850 <!-- Remove weird Rational dispatch and add pi functions to
list -->
- [ ] #50823 <!-- Make ranges more robust with unsigned indexes. -->
- [ ] #50809 <!-- Limit type-printing in MethodError -->
- [ ] #50663 <!-- Fix Expr(:loopinfo) codegen -->
- [ ] #50594 <!-- Disallow non-index Integer types in isassigned -->
- [ ] #50385 <!-- Precompile pidlocks: add to NEWS and docs -->
- [ ] #49805 <!-- Limit TimeType subtraction to AbstractDateTime -->